18.1. Formal vs Clinical / Academic English
Formal vs Clinical. Ниже приведены типичные примеры замены разговорной английской лексики на более формальную, академическую или профессиональную. Такие слова часто используются в научных статьях, медицинских документах, бизнес-отчетах, исследованиях и официальной переписке.
| Informal English | Formal / Clinical / Academic English |
| get better | improve / recover |
| get worse | deteriorate |
| show | demonstrate / indicate / illustrate |
| find | identify / detect / determine |
| look at | examine / analyse / assess |
| check | evaluate / assess / examine |
| help | assist / facilitate |
| use | utilise (BrE: utilise, AmE: utilize) |
| start | begin / initiate / commence |
| end | conclude / terminate |
| keep | maintain / retain |
| fix | repair / resolve / rectify |
| build | construct / develop |
| buy | purchase |
| need | require |
| give | provide |
| tell | inform / state / indicate |
| say | state / report / declare |
| ask | request / inquire |
| answer | respond |
| think | consider / assume |
| believe | assume / suggest |
| prove | demonstrate / establish |
| cause | result in / lead to / contribute to |
| happen | occur / take place |
| happen because | result from |
| make | produce / generate / create |
| make sure | ensure |
| deal with | address / manage / handle |
| bring about | cause / result in |
| go up | increase / rise |
| go down | decrease / decline / reduce |
| cut | reduce / minimise |
| speed up | accelerate |
| slow down | decelerate / slow |
| stop | cease / discontinue |
| continue | continue / proceed |
| grow | expand / increase |
| shrink | contract / decline |
| change | modify / alter |
| improve | enhance / optimise |
| make better | enhance / improve |
| make worse | aggravate / worsen |
| seem | appear |
| show that | indicate that / suggest that |
| point out | highlight / emphasise |
| talk about | discuss |
| think about | consider |
| use up | consume |
| give back | return |
| put off | postpone |
| find out | discover / determine |
| look for | seek |
| choose | select |
| test | evaluate / assess |
| compare | compare / contrast |
| explain | clarify / describe |
| write down | document / record |
| collect | gather / collect |
| count | calculate / quantify |
| measure | assess / measure |
| watch | observe / monitor |
| stop working | fail / malfunction |
| break | damage / fracture |
| clean | cleanse / sterilise (medical) |
| sick | ill / unwell |
| healthy | healthy / in good health |
| disease | condition / disorder (depending on context) |
| problem | issue / complication |
| pain | discomfort / pain |
| swelling | inflammation |
| infection | infectious disease / infection |
| medicine | medication |
| drugs | medication / pharmaceuticals |
| doctor | physician |
| nurse looked after | nurse cared for |
| operation | surgical procedure |
| treatment | therapy / treatment |
| test | diagnostic test / examination |
| X-ray | radiographic examination |
| blood test | laboratory analysis |
| heartbeat | heart rate |
| breathing | respiration |
| high blood pressure | hypertension |
| low blood pressure | hypotension |
| heart attack | myocardial infarction |
| stroke | cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
| cancer spread | metastasis |
| die | pass away (general) / die (medical documentation) |
| lose weight | experience weight loss |
| gain weight | experience weight gain |
| throw up | vomit |
| feel dizzy | experience dizziness |
| faint | lose consciousness |
| tired | fatigued |
| weak | debilitated / weak |
| bad reaction | adverse reaction |
| side effects | adverse effects |
| very important | essential / crucial |
| a lot of | a considerable amount of / a great deal of |
| many | numerous |
| big | significant / substantial |
| small | minor / minimal |
| good | beneficial / favourable |
| bad | adverse / detrimental |
| clear | evident / apparent |
| enough | sufficient |
| maybe | possibly / perhaps |
| about | approximately |
| because | due to / owing to / as a result of |
| so | therefore / consequently |
| but | however / nevertheless |
| also | additionally / furthermore / moreover |
| if | provided that / in the event that (formal) |
| before | prior to |
| after | following |
| during | throughout |
| now | currently |
| later | subsequently |
| first | initially |
| last | finally / ultimately |