Conjunctions

Сполучники — це як «логічний клей». Саме вони визначають, як думки з’єднуються між собою: плавно, контрастно, причинно чи умовно. І якщо ви хочете звучати на рівні B2, саме час навчитися робити ці зв’язки точними та стильними. Поїхали!

1. Coordinating conjunctions — сурядні сполучники

(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Вони поєднують рівноправні частини речення.

Правило:

Коли обидві частини довгі — перед сполучником ставимо кому.

Приклади:

• I wanted to call you, but my phone battery died.
• She finished her project, and she sent it to her manager.
• He doesn’t drink coffee, nor does he like tea.
• You can come with us, or you can stay home.
• He tried to explain the situation, yet no one believed him.

2. Subordinating conjunctions — підрядні сполучники

Найважливіші групи:

Причина: because, since, as

• I stayed at home because I wasn’t feeling well.
• Since you’re here early, you can help me prepare.
• As it was getting dark, we decided to go back.

• As he had no experience, he didn’t apply for the position.
• Since the roads were empty, we arrived much faster.

Контраст: although, though, even though

• Although it was cold, we continued walking.
• Though he apologized, she still seemed upset.
• Even though they warned him, he didn’t change his plans.
• Although she studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.

Час: when, while, before, after, until

• Call me when you arrive.
• She was reading while he was cooking.
• I went for a run before the rain started.
• We talked until the restaurant closed.

Умова: if, unless

• If you need help, just tell me.
• Unless you hurry, you’ll miss the bus.

• If we don’t leave now, we’ll be late.
• You won’t succeed unless you practice regularly.

Мета: so that, in order that

• He whispered so that nobody could hear him.
• She saved money in order that she could travel abroad.

• He spoke slowly so that the audience could understand clearly.
• They trained harder in order that they would win the competition.

3. Correlative conjunctions — парні сполучники

(both … and / either … or / neither … nor / not only … but also)

Паралельність — обов’язково!

Приклади:

• Both the manager and the employees agreed on the changes.
• Either you follow the rules, or you leave the team.
• Neither the film nor the book was interesting.
• Not only did she win the race, but she also broke the record.

• Both his ideas and his arguments were convincing.
• Neither my parents nor my friends supported the decision.
• Either the meeting gets postponed, or we’ll have to join online.
• Not only was the food delicious, but the service was also fantastic.

4. Conjunctive adverbs — сполучні прислівники

(however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, meanwhile, otherwise)

Важливе правило:

Потрібен розрив між реченнями: крапка, крапка з комою або тире.

Приклади:

• The task was difficult; however, they completed it on time.
• She didn’t have much experience; nevertheless, she got the job.
• He was running late; therefore, he took a taxi.

• The book was long; moreover, it was complicated to understand.
• We had no electricity; meanwhile, the neighbours were watching TV.
• Finish your work now; otherwise, we won’t go out later.

Міні-пам’ятка

• Кома перед and/but/or/so — коли частини речення довгі
• Підрядне речення попереду → кома
• Парні сполучники → паралельність форм
• However, therefore → ніколи без пунктуації
• Чим різноманітніші сполучники — тим «доросліший» вигляд має ваша англійська

Таблиця: Conjunctions

Conjunction	Перевод (рус)	Переклад (укр)	Пример (EN)
although / though	хотя	хоча	Although it was cold, we went outside.
even though	даже несмотря на то что	навіть попри те що	Even though he was tired, he kept working.
whereas	тогда как	тоді як	She prefers tea, whereas I prefer coffee.
while (contrast)	в то время как	у той час як	While I enjoy sports, my brother prefers music.
in case	на случай если	на випадок якщо	Take an umbrella in case it rains.
provided that	при условии что	за умови що	You can go out provided that you finish your work.
as long as	пока, при условии	доки, за умови	You can stay as long as you are quiet.
unless	если не	якщо не	I won’t go unless you come with me.
even if	даже если	навіть якщо	I’ll help you even if I’m busy.
as if / as though	как будто	наче, ніби	He talks as if he knew everything.
so that	чтобы	щоб	I whispered so that nobody could hear me.
in order that	для того чтобы	для того щоб	He lowered his voice in order that she wouldn’t hear.
before / after	перед / после	перед / після	Call me before you leave.
once	как только	щойно	Call me once you arrive.
until / till	пока, до тех пор	поки	Wait until I finish.
now that	теперь когда	тепер коли	Now that we’re here, we can start.
as soon as	как только	як тільки	I’ll call you as soon as I can.
because / since / as	потому что	тому що	I stayed home because I was sick.
so	поэтому	тому	It was late, so we went home.

Сполучники — це інструменти, що керують логікою вашої мови. На рівні B2 вони відкривають двері до складних, природних, переконливих висловлювань.
Опануєте їх — і ваш текст перестане бути просто реченнями, а стане структурованою історією, де кожна думка плавно переходить в іншу.